Ashura 2025: Complete Guide to Significance, Rituals & History

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What Is Ashura and Why Is It So Important in Islam?

You’ve probably heard about the 10th of Muharram being referred to as Ashura; however, let’s face it, nobody is sure what it means or why it is so important. Some people fast. Others mourn. Some donate generously.

But beneath these rituals is an emotional and profound story that has been shaping Muslim identities for more than 1,400 years. The day of Muharram isn’t just a time to celebrate. It’s a point of intersection between the past and faith.

It is a moment when the tales of prophets, persecution, sacrifice, and divine intervention all come together. And in 2025, when Ashura is celebrated on July 5, a Saturday is the ideal time to reconnect with the past.

The Meaning Behind “10th of Muharram Rituals”

The term Ashura literally originates from the Arabic word meaning “ten” (‘Asharah), meaning the 10th day of Muharram, which is the month that begins in the Islamic calendar. But this isn’t merely any 10th day. It’s regarded as one of the most holy days in Islam, not only because of the events that occurred during it but also because of the profound spiritual lessons it continues to impart.

For Sunni Muslims, it is an occasion for divine deliverance as well as fasting and the remembrance of Allah’s mercy. For Shia Muslims, it is an occasion for sadness, resentment, and honouring the martyrdom of Imam Husayn ibn Ali, who was the beloved great-grandson of the Prophet Muhammad.

Why the 10th of Muharram Matters

Across Islamic history, the 10th of Muharram has witnessed miracles. It’s believed to be the day when:

• Prophet Musa (AS) and the Israelites were saved from Pharaoh
• Prophet Nuh’s (AS) Ark rested on Mount Judi
• Prophet Adam (AS) was forgiven by Allah
• Prophet Yusuf (AS) was freed from prison
• Prophet Yunus (AS) was delivered from the whale

The Prophet Muhammad 🌟 acknowledged these events and encouraged fasting as a way of thanking Allah. This was before Ramadan became obligatory. Later, fasting on Ashura remained Sunnah, highly recommended but not compulsory.

Legacy of Karbala in the Lives of Prophets (Adam, Noah, Moses, Jonah)

• The time came when Adam (AS) sought forgiveness after eating from the forbidden tree. It is believed that Allah accepted his repentance on the Islamic holy day.
• After having survived the flood, Nuh (AS)‘s Ark is believed to have safely landed on the Martyrdom of Imam Husayn, the day of renewal and rejuvenation for the human race.
• Musa (AS) and his people were saved on this particular day. On that day, he was fasting to express his gratefulness. When the Prophet was informed of this, he stated, “We have more right to Musa than they do,” and he urged Muslims to fast on the day of his death.
• Yunus (AS) was released from the whale’s belly after sincere repentance on Karbala day, according to numerous stories.

The battle of Karbala is an occasion to celebrate faith in the midst of hardship. It’s a reminder of the fact that divine mercy is there even in the most difficult of times. It doesn’t matter if it’s getting past Pharaoh being able to weather the storm or seeking forgiveness. The message is simple: don’t lose faith in Allah’s mercy.

Two Perspectives: Sunni vs Shia Observance of 10th Muharram

Ashura isn’t celebrated in the same manner by all Muslims. It’s actually among the most distinct dates when you can witness the diversity of the Ummah. The heartbeat of the day beats differently in Sunni and Shia customs; however, both are characterised by sentimental, emotional and deep emotions.

Sunni View: A Day of Fasting and Gratitude

For Sunni Muslims, It is a Sacred Day in Islam and is most often connected to the Prophet Musa (AS). It is regarded as the day that Allah helped the Israelites by dividing the Red Sea. The Prophet Muhammad was fasting on the day of this feast in gratitude and urged his friends to do the same.

The fast of the 10th of Muharram is believed to cleanse any sins from the preceding year and is based on a true Hadith of Sahih Muslim. Many Sunni scholars also suggest following a fast on either the 9th and 10th or 10th or 11th of Muharram to distinguish it from Jewish custom.

Apart from fasting, some Sunnis also participate in the following:

• Charitable to the needy
• Spending money on family members generously (as per the Hadith)
• Extra prayer and reflection on God’s mercy

It’s a quiet, spiritual day for most Sunni communities.

Shia View: A Day of Mourning and Martyrdom

For Shia Muslims, Ashura is not about celebrating or a fast in joy. It’s an official and solemn day of mourning that commemorates the martyrdom of Imam Husayn ibn Ali, who was the great-grandson of the Prophet. This day, in Karbala, the Imam stood up against a tyrant, refused to swear allegiance to injustice, and was brutally killed along with his 72 family members and friends.

The emotional significance of Ashura is the most important aspect of Shia identity. It’s a remembrance of sacrifice, resistance, and the struggle against oppression.

Shia communities engage in:

• Majlis (gatherings to discuss the tragedy of Karbala)
• Latmiyah (rhythmic chest-bashing in mourning)
• Ziyarat Ashura (supplication to honour the martyrs)
• Processions typically dressed in black and singing Elegies
• Refrain from celebrations or joyful actions

Some regions also host ta’ziyah as dramatic reenactments of the history of Karbala. While practices such as self-flagellation are common, many Shia scholars recommend against extreme forms.

The Divergence of Rituals and Historical Memory

This divergence isn’t an issue of contradiction. It’s a reflection on how one date can have multiple significances depending on the experience of the day and the past. For one group, it’s the eternal memory of God’s salvation. For another, it’s a call for justice.

Despite their differences in beliefs, both communities are driven by faith, inspired by the prophetic legacy and united in honouring the sacred past. The martyrdom of Imam Husayn illustrates how a day can bring thousands of emotions, all built on the love of Allah and His Messenger.

Key Events That Occurred on the 10th of Muharram

It’s not just one event that makes the 10th of Muharram sacred: Day of Muharram isn’t significant due to only one thing. It’s a holy day brimming with spiritual significance and historical moments that echo throughout the ages. From ancient prophets to the tragic events of Karbala, this day has seen everything.

The Salvation of Prophet Musa (AS) and the Israelites

Imams mention it often, and for good reason. Pharaoh’s army chased Musa (AS) and his people to the edge of the Red Sea. Certain death seemed inevitable until Allah split the sea. The Israelites walked through. Pharaoh’s men? They drowned.

This moment of divine rescue is one of the most widely acknowledged reasons Muslims fast on Karbala Day. It’s a powerful symbol of hope, faith, and trust in Allah’s plan when everything seems impossible.

The Landing of Prophet Nuh’s Ark

After having survived a global flood, it is thought that Prophet Nuh’s (AS) Ark came to rest on dry ground on the 10th of Muharram. The skies were cleared. The waters are receding. Humanity was given another chance.

Ashura is an opportunity to remind us that after every storm, there’s revival.

Forgiveness of Prophet Adam (AS)

It is also believed that Allah granted Prophet Adam (AS) forgiveness on this day. Following the incident in Jannah, His confession was sincere. And Karbala’s martyrdom was the day of his redemption.

This alone makes it an opportunity to offer hope for all sinners.

The Release of Prophet Yusuf (AS)

Many scholars have narrated the story of how Prophet Yusuf (AS) was released from prison on the 10th of Muharram. After many years of injustice, he was finally acquitted and elevated to an office of power in Egypt.

It’s quiet and profound, reminding us that patience is never unrewarded.

The Martyrdom of Imam Husayn (AS) in Karbala

And, of course, Karbala. The most emotional moment is connected to Husayn ibn Ali’s remembrance.

In the year 680 CE, Imam Husayn (AS) and 72 of his faithful friends were attacked by Karbala by a huge force of Yazid ibn Muawiyah. They were starved of water for a few days. They were aware that death was imminent. But they remained strong.

On the 10th of Muharram, Husayn gave his final speech. He offered prayers. Then, one after another, his friends were killed. He was left on his own at the end of the day. Thirsty. Wounded. But unshaken.

His death was not a loss. It was an act of declaration. A call to justice, truth and sacrifice regardless of odds.

Presently, millions mourn the moment not solely for the tragic event but also because of the strength and faith that was displayed in it.

The Battle of Karbala: What Really Happened?

Who Was Imam Husayn (AS)?

Imam Husayn ibn Ali (AS) was not just any other person. He was the beloved grandson of Prophet Muhammad and the son of Fatimah (RA) and Ali (RA). He was the brother of Imam Hasan.

Sacrifice at Karbala, still, not everyone truly understands what Ashura means. Some people fast. Others mourn. Some donate generously.

But beneath these rituals is an emotional, deep story that has created a Muslim identity or position. His goal was clear: to defend the fundamental values of Islam regardless of the cost.

Why Did He Refuse to Pledge Allegiance to Yazid?

After Muawiyah’s death, his son Yazid was elected the caliphate. In contrast to his father, Yazid was openly corrupt, morally reckless, and notorious for his infringement of Islamic principles. Husayn recognised this and could not, with good conscience, allow such leadership to be legitimate.

By declaring the loyalty of Yazid, Husayn would’ve signalled to the world that he believed that injustice was acceptable. That day, one of the holiest times in Islam’s soul could be exchanged for peace and security in the political sphere. He refused.

This refusal sparked one of the most famous battles of Islamic times.

Events Leading to the Tragedy

The story began with a letter. Hundreds of people from Kufa were able to reach Husayn, grief, resistance, and honouring the martyrdom of Imam Husayn ibn Ali and his followers. They also offered loyalty, support, and protection.

Invigorated by the news, Husayn left Makkah with his family and a few of his followers. However, when he got closer to Karbala, the situation changed. People who had invited Yazid now bowed to his pressure or worried about their lives.

The Umayyad army, headed by Umar ibn Sa’ad and under the direction of Ibn Ziyad, blocked Husayn’s route. They closed off his camp, preventing access to the Euphrates River. For several days, Husayn, his children, and even infants were without water in the scorching heat.

Negotiations failed. The instructions were clear: swear allegiance to the government or be executed.

Final Moments of Husayn and His Companions

On the 10th of Muharram, at the age of 61 AH (October 10, 680 CE), the inevitable began. Each one of Adam (AS) sought forgiveness after consuming the tree of forbidden fruit. It is said that Allah accepted his repentance, as did his nephews, as well as his infant son, Ali Asghar, who passed away in the arms of his father from thirst.

When there was only Husayn left in a state of pain and isolation, he didn’t give up. His body was covered with blood, his lips were dry, and his heart was filled with conviction. He sat in prayer.

He recited his last words to Allah. Then he was hit. Numerous times.

When he fell to the ground, Yunus (AS) was released from the whale’s belly after a sincere repentance, and that pain echoes over a thousand years.

The Aftermath: Captivity, Grief, and Resistance

However, Karbala wasn’t over when Husayn’s death occurred. His family, which included Zainab bint Ali (RA) and his son, Ali Zayn al-Abidin (AS), were taken as prisoners to Damascus. In the court of Yazid, Zainab delivered a speech that was so powerful that it shook the hearts of those who were present.

The same is true for all Muslims. Actually, it’s among the most distinctive days when you can observe the diversity of the Ummah. It wasn’t the day of the end of the game.

It was the birth of an enduring legacy. One truth is that it stands on its own. That’s alone.

Islam does not concern rulers but rather righteousness. Today, the memories of Karbala are not just something that was, but it is living. It is the source of rebellions against tyranny, struggles for social justice, and hearts that ache for the battlefield that was dusty in Iraq.

How Muslims Observe the 10th of Muharram in 2025

A Day of Reflection and Renewal

In 2025, the Day of Muharram falls on Friday, July 5 and Muslims across the globe are getting ready in very private but profoundly spiritual methods. Some opt to fast. Others participate in gatherings of the community.

Many are able to reflect on the lessons of sacrifice and justice from Karbala. What unites everyone is the need to connect with faith, regardless of how they do it. It differs across different cultures and traditions.

Fasting on Islamic holy day: A Sunnah With Reward

For many Sunni Muslims, the most popular method of observing Karbala Day is through the practice of fasting. It’s an act of Sunnah, an ancient prophetic tradition, and it is accompanied by a significant reward. Based on a Hadith from Sahih Muslim, the Prophet Muhammad stated:

“Fasting on the day of the Battle of Karbala, I hope Allah will expiate the sins of the previous year.”
To differentiate from Jewish customs, it’s suggested to observe a fast on the 9th, 10th, or 10th or 11th of Muharram. In 2025, that’s the fasting of July 4 and 5 or July 5–6.

Families usually make light dinners for iftar. They also share food with their neighbours and then spend the entire day doing dhikr (remembrance of Allah). It’s not just a ceremony. It’s also a chance to ask for forgiveness, mercy, and spiritual development.

Shia Practices: Mourning With Purpose

For Shia Muslims, Ashura in 2025 will be a time of deep sorrow and a renewed conviction in the importance of justice. The communities gather to celebrate majlis (also known as majlis), spiritual gatherings that retell the history of Karbala, exchange poetry (marsiya), and pay tribute to the martyrs.

In areas such as Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Lebanon, and even parts of India, you’ll witness funeral processions with mourners wearing black, walking the streets, and singing prayers. Many people recite Ziyarat Ashura, the prayer that shows solidarity with Imam Husayn (AS) and condemnation of the injustices he suffered.

Others swear to silence or sit in silence for the day. It’s not a day of celebration in all countries, but in Shia-majority areas, schools and offices are often closed to allow full participation.

Giving Charity and Acts of Kindness

No matter what one’s origins, Karbala Day is also a day of generosity. The Prophet advised Muslims to spend money on their families during this time, and a lot of people extend that generosity to the poor, too. Be it giving food, donating water to Karbala, or giving a gift to those who are in need, these acts have great rewards.

In 2025, a lot of people will also help orphans in memory of Imam Husayn’s daughters, as well as the kids who perished in Karbala. Giving back is a means to honour the pain with a purpose.

Digital Observance in the Modern Era

2025 is expected to be more connected to the internet than ever before; numerous Muslims will also take part in virtual Majalis or live-streaming events from Karbala, or join the circle of reflections on Zoom. The social media timelines will be filled with Qur’anic reminders, Hadiths, and personal reflections.

This virtual observation allows isolated people to feel a part of something greater, an international heartbeat that mourns, remembers, and prays.

Global Variation in Observance

Here’s how the 10th of Muharram in 2025 may look across regions:

• Saudi Arabia & Gulf: Quiet fasting, dhikr, and family gatherings.
  Iraq & Iran: Massive processions, reenactments, and public mourning.
  India & Pakistan: Majlis, latmiyah, and community-led processions.
  Western Countries: Hybrid, some fasting quietly, others joining mosque events or digital programs.

Karbala Day isn’t just about the past. It’s a mirror of your present. A test of what you’ll stand for, how you’ll respond to injustice, and where your heart lies when faced with a moral choice.

Sunnah Practices on the 10th of Muharram

Fasting With Intention and Understanding

The most talked about Sunnah of Karbala day is fasting. It’s not a requirement, but the benefits are enormous. The Prophet Muhammad fasted on the 10th of Muharram and encouraged others to follow the same practice.

This practice ties believers to the spiritual legacy left by Prophet Musa (AS), who was saved on this day. It’s not all about eating less. In 2025, take your time to make your fast intentional.

Consider the reason you’re doing this. Let go of any grudges. Purify your heart.

According to the Prophet:
“I hope that fasting on the day of 10th of Muharram will expiate [sins] from the past year.” (Muslim)

It is also recommended to observe a fast during the 9th and the 10th, as well as the 11th and 10th, to differentiate the religious practices.

Being Extra Generous With Family

Another Sunnah act related to this Islamic holy day is growing generosity in your family. The Prophet is said to have said:
“Whoever is generous to his family on the day of Ashura, Allah will be generous to him throughout the year.”

This doesn’t mean extravagant meals or spending above your budget. Even a simple act like making your family’s favourite meal or purchasing something thoughtful is in line with the Sunnah love of caring and love.

Doing More Dhikr and Istighfar

Ashura is a sacred day. Increase your remembrance of Allah through:

• Dhikr: Say “SubhanAllah“, “Alhamdulillah“, “La ilaha illallah“, “Allahu Akbar”
• Istighfar: Ask Allah for forgiveness, especially if you’re fasting
• Salawat: Send blessings upon the Prophet ﷺ

The key is to use the day for inner cleansing, reflection, and reconnecting with your Creator. Even a few sincere moments count more than hours of distraction.

Reading Surahs of Reflection

While there’s no specific surah obligated on Ashura, many scholars recommend reading verses that connect to divine justice, patience, and gratitude:

• Surah Al-Fajr (because of its reflection on the fate of the wrongdoers)
• Surah Al-Duha (a reminder of Allah’s mercy in hard times)
• Surah Al-Insan (mentions the righteous feeding the poor and keeping vows)

You can also reflect on stories from Surah Al-Baqarah and Surah Al-A’raf that mention Prophet Musa (AS).

Making Du’a From the Heart

Ashura is one of those days when dua flows naturally. Whether you’re grieving over Karbala or seeking forgiveness for past mistakes, speak directly to Allah. There’s no “perfect” format.

Ask for strength. Ask for clarity. Ask to be someone who never backs down from the truth, just like Imam Husayn (AS).

The Spiritual Power of Muharram: Why the First Month Matters

A New Year With Sacred Roots

When people think of the new year, they imagine fireworks, resolutions, and an upcoming calendar. However, in Islam, the beginning of the Hijri calendar, which is marked by the emergence of Muharram, has a deeper spiritual significance.

This month starts the Islamic year. It is not a time for celebration but rather for contemplation. With the memory of sacrifice. With stories that test your soul.

One of the Four Sacred Months

Muharram is among the four holy months mentioned in the Qur’an (Surah At-Tawbah 9:36). The sacred months were chosen by Allah Himself since the day He fashioned the heavens and earth. In these months, inhumanity is even more sinful, while good acts are multiplied as rewards.

This month, prior to Islam, Arabs would suspend tribal wars. After Islam, it became an oath month and a time for fasting, as well as a month to honour the truth.

The Month of Allah

The Prophet refers to Muharram as “Shahrullah”, the Month of Allah. The Month of Allah was the only one to receive this divine designation. This alone raises its spiritual significance.

It’s time to reconnect with God. To look back at your life and start the New Year with tawbah (repentance) and hope and desire. Imagine having twelve opportunities each year to align your soul.

Muharram is the very first. Don’t let it pass without a purpose.

More Than Just the 10th of Muharram

While Ashura is the most well-known day in Muharram, the entire month is a gateway to nearness to Allah. From the 1st to the 30th, every day is an opportunity for:

• Voluntary fasting
• Night prayer (qiyam al-layl)
• Dua for the New Year
• Charity and helping others
• Reconnecting with the Qur’an

You don’t need to do it all. Start small. One act of sincerity is better than a list of forgotten resolutions.

A Month for the Heart, Not Just the Calendar

The charm of Muharram is in the fact that it is timeless. It remains. It is possible to be in any part of the world, an idyllic village or a bustling city, and this month will always speak to you in your soul.

It beckons you to think about it. To be reminded of the journey of the Prophet. Remember the martyrdom of Husayn (AS).

To be aware that truth always costs something, and that cost is often comfort. And that’s how you develop. In 2025, don’t simply turn the page to an entirely new calendar.

Change the page of your own life. Make Muharram the page on which your heart is brought home to Allah.

10th Muharram Practices: Sunni vs Shia Comparison Table

About the Author

Farrukh Farooqi has been living in Sharaya, Makkah, Saudi Arabia since 2010. With over 14 years of firsthand experience witnessing the sacred journey of millions of pilgrims, Farrukh specializes in providing practical, insider tips for Hajj and Umrah travelers. His work blends real-world observations, the latest Saudi updates, and essential crowd management strategies — helping pilgrims and worshippers plan smarter, stay safer, and experience a spiritually fulfilling journey across the Holy Cities.